جوامع جهانی بین دو جنگ بین الملل: آمریکایی شدن فرهنگ و تجارت جهان

پاورقی ها:

1. Lowes Dickinson, Appearances: Being Notes of Travel (London: J. M.Dent, 1914), p. 160.
2. Alanson Houghton to Owen Young, 13 Feb. 1926, in Frank C. Cos-tigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,1984), p. 144.
3. Thomas Jones, Whitehall Diary, ed. Keith Middlemas, vol. Il (London:Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 177, entry for 8 March 1929.
4. BBC I interview with Raymond Firestone.
5. Sir Arthur Willert, Aspects of British Foreign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 15 – lecture given by Willert, the Head of the Foreign Office News Dept., in Williamstown, Mass., in July 1927.
6. Joan Hoff Wilson, Herbert Hoover: Forgouten Progressive (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1975), p. 177.
7. Sir Esme Howard to Sir Austen Chamberlain, 26 April 1928, in Michael J. Hogan, Informal Entente: The Private Structure of Cooperation in Anglo-American Economic Diplomacy, 1918-1928 (Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1977), p. 208.
8. Elie Garcia report, Aug. 1920, in E. David Cronon, Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), p. 124.
9. Telegram of 22 May 1925, in US Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1925 (Washington: Government Printing Office,1940), vol. I, p. 432.
10. Raymond L.. Buell, The Native Problem in Africa (2 vols, New York: Macmillan, 1928), vol. II, p. 837.
11. BBC 1 interview with Charles L. James, former assistant to Garvey.
12. Ludwell Denny, America Conquers Britain: A Record of Economic War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1930), p. 407.
13. Swope to Docker, 16 Feb. 1928, in Robert Jones and Oliver Marriott, Anatomy of a Merger: A History of G.E.C., A.E.l. and English Electric (London: Jonathan Cape, 1970), p. 98.
14. P. T. Davenport-Hines, Dudley Docker: The Life and Times of a Trade Warrior (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), P. 179.
15. Jones and Marriott, Anatomy of a Merger, p. 99.
16. New York Times, 31 March 1929, in Denny, America Conquers Britain, p. 142.
17. Manchester Guardian, 15 Fcb. 1929, p. 11.
18. Leslie Hannah, Electricity before Nationalisation: A Study of the Development of the Electrical Supply Industry in Britain to 1948 (London: Macmillan, 1979), P. 229.
19. Ellis Barker, America’s Secret: The Causes of Her Economic Success (London: John Murray, 1927), p. 412.
20. BBC 1 interview with Winifred Davis.
21. Chris Goddard, Jazz Away From Home (New York: Paddington Press, 1979), P. 219.
22. BBC 1 interview with Doreen Evans.
23. Board of Education memo, July 1941, in David Reynolds, ‘Whitehall, Washington and the Promotion of American Studies in Britain during World War Two’, Journal of American Studies, vol. 16 (1982), p. 174.
24. Daily Express, 18 March 1927, p. 6.
25. Herbert Williams, in House of Commons, Debates, 16 March 1927, vol. 203, col. 2086.
26. Oliver Stanley, in House of Commons, Dchates, 4 Nov. 1937, vol. 328,col. 1173.
27. Morning Post (1923), quoted in Edward G. Lowry, ‘Trade Follows the Film’, Saturday Evening Post, 7 Nov. 1925, P. 12.
28. Quoted by Thomas H. Guback, ‘Hollywood’s International Market’, in Tino Balio, ed., The American Film Industry (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976), P. 394.
29. Quoted in Peter Stead, ‘Hollywood’s Message for the World: The British Response in the Nineteen Thirties’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, vol. 1 (1981), p. 22.
30. E. M. Joad, The Babbitt Warren (London: Kegan, French, Trubner,1926), esp. pp. xii, 4, 188, 190-1.
31. Nicolson to Vita Sackville-West, 17 Nov. 1934, in Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 1930-1939, ed. Nigel Nicolson (London: Collins,1966), p. 189.
32. BBC 1 interview with John Carberry.
33. Fitzgerald to Edmund Wilson, May 1921, in Andrew Turnbull, ed., The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald (London: Bodley Head, 1964), P. 326.
34. Quotations from Europa und Amerika (1926) in Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky, 1921-1929 (London: Oxford University Press,1959), P. 215.
35. Robert H. Ferrell, Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1917-1921 (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), p. 210.
36. John L. Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union and the United States: An Interpretive History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), p. 113.
37. Werner Sombart, in Daniel Bell, Marxian Socialism in the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967), p. 4.
38. Article of Feb. 1933, in Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1973), P. 12.
39. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr, The Age of Roosevelt: The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919-1933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), p. 155.
40. William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), p. 28, recounting a story from the spring of 1931.
41. James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the For (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1956), p. 163.
42. In 1930 total British long-term foreign investment (direct and portfolio) was estimated at $18.2 billion; American at between S14.7 billion and $15.4 billion. See Mira Wilkins, The Maturing of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from 1914 to 1970 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974), p. 156, note.
43. Comment of 1926 in Roy Church and Michael Miller, ‘”The Big Three”: Competition, Management and Marketing in the British Motor Industry, 1922-1939’, in Barry Supple, cd., Essays in British Business History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), p. 160.
44. Fortune, July 1937 in D. C. Coleman, Courtaulds: An Economic and Social History, vol. II (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), pp. 384-5.
45. Freidel, Launching the New Deal, P. 346 (Securities Act); Barry Supple, ‘The Political Economy of Demoralization: The State and the Coalmin-ing Industry in America and Britain between the Wars’, n. 116, Economic History Review, forthcoming, 1988.
46. Sir Arthur Willert, memo of conversations with FDR in Jan. and March 1936, 14 April 1936, Willert papers, box 14, folder 59 (Yale University).
47. Henry Pelling, America and the British Left: From Bright to Bevan (London: A. and C. Black, 1956), p. 136.
48. Comments of Dec. 1934 in Peter Rowland, Lloyd George (London: Barric and Jenkins, 1975), P. 713.
49. g. Sir Ronald Lindsay to Lord Halifax, despatch 360, April 1937, FO371/21546, A 3440/1202/45 (Public Record Office, London).
50. Frank Ashton-Gwatkin, report on US economic situation in May 1938, CAB 24/277, CP I61 (38) (PRO).
51. Richard H. Heindel, The American Impact on Great Britain, 1898-1914 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1940), pp. 15-18. He surveyed the press in 1936-7 and concluded that there had not been much change in quantity or quality since World War One.
52. The Times, 19 May 1939, P. 18
53. Morse Stephens (1916) in Bruce M. Russett, Community and Conten-tion: Britain and America in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1963), P. 133.
54. Frances Donaldson, Edward VII! (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974), p. 232.
55. New York Journal, 26 Oct. 1936, in Brian Inglis, Abdication (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1966), pp. 193-4
56. House of Commons, Debates, vol. 318, col. 2179, 10 Dec. 1936.

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